0.0 2008-09 GDM aplikazioa GNOMEren pantaila-kudeatzailea da, saioak grafikoki hasteko erabiltzen den programa bat. MartinK. Petersen

mkp@mkp.net

GeorgeLebl

jirka@5z.com

JonMcCann

mccann@jhu.edu

RayStrode

rstrode@redhat.com

BrianCameron

Brian.Cameron@Oracle.COM

1998 1999 Martin K. Petersen 2001 2003 2004 George Lebl 2003 2007 2008 Red Hat, Inc. 2003 2011 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. GNOME GDMren 2.26.0 bertsioa azaltzen da eskuliburu honetan. Azken eguneratzea 2009ko urriaren 2an izan zen. GNOME GDMren 2.26.0 bertsioa azaltzen da eskuliburu honetan. Azken eguneratzea 2009ko urriaren 2an izan zen. Aukeratzailea - Lotutako monitorean urruneko monitore bat kudeatzeko balio duen urruneko ostalari bat hautatzeko erabiltzen den programa bat (gdm-host-chooser). FreeDesktop - Mahaigainerako estandarrak eskaintzen dituen erakundea. Adibidez, GDM aplikazioak erabilitako Desktop Entry Specification sortu du. http://www.freedesktop.org. GDM - GNOMEren pantaila-kudeatzailea. Software-paketea bere osotasunean deskribatzeko erabiltzen da. Ongietorria - Saioa hasteko leiho grafikoa (gnome-shell komandoak eskainitakoa). PAM - Pluggable Authentication Mechanism XDMCP - X Display Manage Protocol Xserver - X leiho-sistemaren inplementazio bat. Adibidez, X.org fundazioak eskaintzen duen Xorg Xserver http://www.x.org. Kortxete barruan dagoen hitz batekin hasten diren bide-izenak instalazio-aurrizkiarekiko erlatiboak dira. Adibidez, <share>/pixmaps/ helbideak /usr/share/pixmaps helbideari egiten dio erreferentzia GDM --prefix=/usr komandoarekin konfiguratu bada. GNOMEren pantaila-kudeatzailea (GDM) pantaila fisikoki konektatuak zein urrunekoak kudeatzeko behar diren eginbide guztiak dituen pantaila-kudeatzaile bat da. GDM zerotik idatzi da eta ez du inolako XDM edo X Consortium erakundearen koderik. Kontuan izan GDM moldagarria dela, eta konfigurazio-ezarpen horietako askok segurtasunean eragina dutela. Dokumentu honetan kontuan hartu beharreko zenbait auzi nabarmendu dira. Kontuan izan zenbait sistema eragilek GDM desberdin konfiguratzen dutela eta dokumentu honetan deskribatzen diren balio lehenetsiak beste batzuk direla. GDM ez bada portatzen hemen dokumentatu bezala, begiratu ea konfigurazioren bat hemen esandakoaren desberdina den. GDMri buruzko informazio gehiagorako, begiratu proiektuaren webgunean: http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GDM. GDMri buruzko eztabaida edo kontsultetarako, begiratu eztabaida-foroa: https://discourse.gnome.org/tag/gdm. Aurreko posta-zerrendaren artxiboa ere galdera ohikoenentzako erantzunak bilatzeko toki ona da. Zerrendaren artxiboa https://mail.gnome.org/archives/gdm-list/ helbidean dago eta mezuak gako-hitzen bidez bilatzeko bilaketa-sistema bat du. Akatsen bat jakinarazi nahi baduzu edo hobekuntzaren bat eskatu nahi baduzu, jo https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gdm/-/issues/ helbidera. GDM 2.220 eta zaharragoek konfigurazio-interfaze egonkorrak onartzen zituzten. Hala ere, kode-oinarri erabat berridatzi zen GDM 2.22 bertsiorako eta ez da erabat bateragarria bertsio zaharragoekin. Orain gauzek beste modu batean funtzionatzen dute eta zenbait aukerak ez dute zentzurik, bai aukera horietako batzuek inoiz ez dutelako zentzurik izan, bai zenbait funtzionaltasun oraindik ez direlako inplementatu. Oraindik ere modu egonkorrean onartzen diren interfazeetako batzuk Init, PreSession, PostSession, PostLogin eta Xsession scriptak dira. <etc>/gdm/custom.conf fitxategiko zenbait daemon-en konfigurazio-aukerak ere onartzen dira oraindik. Era berean, ~/.dmrc eta aurpegiak arakatzeko irudien kokalekuak ere onartzen dira. GDM 2.20 and earlier supported the ability to manage multiple displays with separate graphics cards, such as used in terminal server environments, login in a window via a program like Xnest or Xephyr, the gdmsetup program, XML-based greeter themes, and the ability to run the XDMCP chooser from the login screen. These features were not added back during the 2.22 rewrite. GDMk sistemako pantailak kudeatzen ditu. Horretarako, erabiltzaileak autentifikatzen ditu, erabiltzaile-saioak abiarazten ditu eta haiek amaitzen ditu. GDM konfiguratu egin daiteke. Dokumentu honen "GDM konfiguratzea" atalean horretarako moduak deskribatu dira. Ezgaitasunak dituzten erabiltzaileek ere erabili dezakete GDM. GDM erabiliz, kontsolaren pantaila nagusia kudeatu daiteke, eta baita terminal birtualen bidez abiarazitako pantailak ere. Beste aplikazio batzuekin integratuta dago, adibidez User Switch Applet (FUSA) eta gnome-screensaver aplikazioekin, Xserver Virtual Terminal (VT) interfazearen bidez kontsolaren pantaila anitz kudeatzeko. XDMCP pantailak ere kudeatu ditzake. Pantaila mota dena delakoa izanda, GDMk Xserver prozesu bat abiaraziko du, Init scripta exekutatuko du erro-erabiltzaile gisa eta ongietorri-aplikazioa abiaraziko du pantailan. The greeter program is run as the unprivileged "gdm" user/group. This user and group are described in the "Security" section of this document. The main functions of the greeter program are to provide a mechanism for selecting an account for log in and to drive the dialogue between the user and system when authenticating that account. The authentication process is driven by Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM). The PAM modules determine what prompts (if any) are shown to the user to authenticate. On the average system, the greeter program will request a username and password for authentication. However some systems may be configured to use supplemental mechanisms such as a fingerprint or SmartCard readers. GDM can be configured to support these alternatives in parallel with greeter login extensions and the --enable-split-authentication ./configure option, or one at a time via system PAM configuration. Txartel adimendunaren hedapena gaitu edo desgaitzeko, erabili gsettings-eko org.gnome.display-manager.extensions.smartcard.active gakoa. Era berean, hatz-markaren hedapena gaitu edo desgaitzeko, erabili gsettings-eko org.gnome.display-manager.extensions.fingerprint.active gakoa. GDM eta PAM sarrerarik behar ez izateko konfiguratu daitezke. Horrela, GDMk automatikoki hasi dezake saioa. Modu hori interesgarria izan daiteke zenbait ingurunetan, adibidez kiosko motako sistemetan edo erabiltzaile bakarra dagoenean. In addition to authentication, the greeter program allows the user to select which session to start and which language to use. Sessions are defined by files that end in the .desktop suffix and more information about these files can be found in the "GDM User Session and Language Configuration" section of this document. By default, GDM is configured to display a face browser so the user can select their user account by clicking on an image instead of having to type their username. GDM keeps track of the user's default session and language in the user's ~/.dmrc and will use these defaults if the user did not pick a session or language in the login GUI. After authenticating a user, the daemon runs the PostLogin script as root, then runs the PreSession script as root. After running these scripts, the user session is started. When the user exits their session, the PostSession script is run as root. These scripts are provided as hooks for distributions and end-users to customize how sessions are managed. For example, using these hooks you could set up a machine which creates the user's $HOME directory on the fly, and erases it on logout. The difference between the PostLogin and PreSession scripts is that PostLogin is run before the pam_open_session call so is the right place to do anything which should be run before the user session is initialized. The PreSession script is called after session initialization. The GDM greeter program displays a panel docked at the bottom of the screen which provides additional functionality. When a user is selected, the panel allows the user to select which session, language, and keyboard layout to use after logging in. The keyboard layout selector also changes the keyboard layout used when typing your password. The panel also contains an area for login services to leave status icons. Some example status icons include a battery icon for current battery usage, and an icon for enabling accessibility features. The greeter program also provides buttons which allow the user to shutdown or restart the system. It is possible to configure GDM to not provide the shutdown and restart buttons, if desired. GDM can also be configured via PolicyKit (or via RBAC on Oracle Solaris) to require the user have appropriate authorization before accepting the shutdown or restart request. Kontuan izan teklatu-diseinuaren eginbidea libxklavier onartzen duten sistemetan soilik dagoela erabilgarri. GDM supports "Accessible Login", allowing users to log into their desktop session even if they cannot easily use the screen, mouse, or keyboard in the usual way. Accessible Technology (AT) features such as an on-screen keyboard, screen reader, screen magnifier, and Xserver AccessX keyboard accessibility are available. It is also possible to enable large text or high contrast icons and controls, if needed. Refer to the "Accessibility Configuration" section of the document for more information how various accessibility features can be configured. Zenbait sistema eragiletan, beharrezkoa da GDM erabiltzailea "auido" taldeko kide izatea audio-irteera behar duten AT programek (adibidez, testua ahots bihurtzen dutenek) funtzionatu dezaten. The Face Browser is the interface which allows users to select their username by clicking on an image. This feature can be enabled or disabled via the org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-list GSettings key and is on by default. When disabled, users must type their complete username by hand. When enabled, it displays all local users which are available for login on the system (all user accounts defined in the /etc/passwd file that have a valid shell and sufficiently high UID) and remote users that have recently logged in. The face browser in GDM 2.20 and earlier would attempt to display all remote users, which caused performance problems in large, enterprise deployments. The Face Browser is configured to display the users who log in most frequently at the top of the list. This helps to ensure that users who log in frequently can quickly find their login image. The Face Browser supports "type-ahead search" which dynamically moves the face selection as the user types to the corresponding username in the list. This means that a user with a long username will only have to type the first few characters of the username before the correct item in the list gets selected. The icons used by GDM can be installed globally by the sysadmin or can be located in the user's home directories. If installed globally they should be in the <share>/pixmaps/faces/ directory and the filename should be the name of the user. Face image files should be a standard image that GTK+ can read, such as PNG or JPEG. Face icons placed in the global face directory must be readable to the GDM user. If there is no global icon for the user, GDM will look in the user's $HOME directory for the image file. GDM will first look for the user's face image in ~/.face. If not found, it will try ~/.face.icon. If still not found, it will use the value defined for "face/picture=" in the ~/.gnome2/gdm file. If a user has no defined face image, GDM will use the "stock_person" icon defined in the current GTK+ theme. If no such image is defined, it will fallback to a generic face image. Please note that loading and scaling face icons located in remote user home directories can be a very time-consuming task. Since it not practical to load images over NIS or NFS, GDM does not attempt to load face images from remote home directories. When the browser is turned on, valid usernames on the computer are exposed for everyone to see. If XDMCP is enabled, then the usernames are exposed to remote users. This, of course, limits security somewhat since a malicious user does not need to guess valid usernames. In some very restrictive environments the face browser may not be appropriate. The GDM daemon can be configured to listen for and manage X Display Manage Protocol (XDMCP) requests from remote displays. By default XDMCP support is turned off, but can be enabled if desired. If GDM is built with TCP Wrapper support, then the daemon will only grant access to hosts specified in the GDM service section in the TCP Wrappers configuration file. GDM includes several measures making it more resistant to denial of service attacks on the XDMCP service. A lot of the protocol parameters, handshaking timeouts, etc. can be fine tuned. The default configuration should work reasonably on most systems. GDM by default listens for XDMCP requests on the normal UDP port used for XDMCP, port 177, and will respond to QUERY and BROADCAST_QUERY requests by sending a WILLING packet to the originator. GDM can also be configured to honor INDIRECT queries and present a host chooser to the remote display. GDM will remember the user's choice and forward subsequent requests to the chosen manager. GDM also supports an extension to the protocol which will make it forget the redirection once the user's connection succeeds. This extension is only supported if both daemons are GDM. It is transparent and will be ignored by XDM or other daemons that implement XDMCP. XDMCPk ez badu funtzionatzen, ziurtatu makina guztiak /etc/hosts fitxategian ageri direla. Begiratu "Segurtasuna" atala XDMCP erabiltzean egon daitezkeen segurtasun-kezkei buruzko informazioa eskuratzeko. GDM uses syslog to log errors and status. It can also log debugging information, which can be useful for tracking down problems if GDM is not working properly. Debug output can be enabled by setting the debug/Enable key to "true" in the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file. Output from the various Xservers is stored in the GDM log directory, which is normally <var>/log/gdm/. Any Xserver messages are saved to a file associated with the display value, <display>.log. The session output is piped through the GDM daemon to the ~/$XDG_CACHE_HOME/gdm/session.log file which usually expands to ~/.cache/gdm/session.log. The file is overwritten on each login, so logging out and logging back into the same user via GDM will cause any messages from the previous session to be lost. Note that if GDM can not create this file for some reason, then a fallback file will be created named ~/$XDG_CACHE_HOME/gdm/session.log.XXXXXXXX where the XXXXXXXX are some random characters. GDM allows multiple users to be logged in at the same time. After one user is logged in, additional users can log in via the User Switcher on the GNOME Panel, or from the "Switch User" button in Lock Screen dialog of GNOME Screensaver. The active session can be changed back and forth using the same mechanism. Note that some distributions may not add the User Switcher to the default panel configuration. It can be added using the panel context menu. Note this feature is available on systems that support Virtual Terminals. This feature will not function if Virtual Terminals is not available. For security reasons a dedicated user and group id are recommended for proper operation. This user and group are normally "gdm" on most systems, but can be configured to any user or group. All GDM GUI programs are run as this user, so that the programs which interact with the user are run in a sandbox. This user and group should have limited privilege. The only special privilege the "gdm" user requires is the ability to read and write Xauth files to the <var>/run/gdm directory. The <var>/run/gdm directory should have root:gdm ownership and 1777 permissions. You should not, under any circumstances, configure the GDM user/group to a user which a user could easily gain access to, such as the user nobody. Any user who gains access to an Xauth key can snoop on and control running GUI programs running in the associated session or perform a denial-of-service attack on it. It is important to ensure that the system is configured properly so that only the "gdm" user has access to these files and that it is not easy to login to this account. For example, the account should be setup to not have a password or allow non-root users to login to the account. The GDM greeter configuration is stored in GConf. To allow the GDM user to be able to write configuration, it is necessary for the "gdm" user to have a writable $HOME directory. Users may configure the default GConf configuration as desired to avoid the need to provide the "gdm" user with a writable $HOME directory. However, some features of GDM may be disabled if it is unable to write state information to GConf configuration. GDMk PAM erabiltzen du saio-hasierako autentifikaziorako. Pluggable Authentication Module da PAM akronimoaren esanahia, eta ordenagailuan autentifikatzea behar duten aplikazio askok erabiltzen dute. Administratzaileak autentifikazio-portaera zehatzak konfiguratu ditzake haren bidez, saio-hasiera programa desberdinek (ssh-k, pantaila-babesleak, saioa hasteko interfazeak) erabili dezaten. PAM is complicated and highly configurable, and this documentation does not intend to explain this in detail. Instead, it is intended to give an overview of how PAM configuration relates with GDM, how PAM is commonly configured with GDM, and known issues. It is expected that a person needing to do PAM configuration would need to do further reading of PAM documentation to understand how to configure PAM and to understand terms used in this section. PAM configuration has different, but similar, interfaces on different Operating Systems, so check the pam.d or pam.conf man page for details. Be sure you read the PAM documentation and are comfortable with the security implications of any changes you intend to make to your configuration. Note that, by default, GDM uses the "gdm" PAM service name for normal login and the "gdm-autologin" PAM service name for automatic login. These services may not be defined in your pam.d or pam.conf configured file. If there is no entry, then GDM will use the default PAM behavior. On most systems this should work fine. However, the automatic login feature may not work if the gdm-autologin service is not defined. The PostLogin script is run before pam_open_session is called, and the PreSession script is called after. This allows the system administrator to add any scripting to the login process either before or after PAM initializes the session. If you wish to make GDM work with other types of authentication mechanisms (such as a fingerprint or SmartCard reader), then you should implement this by using a PAM service module for the desired authentication type rather than by trying to modify the GDM code directly. Refer to the PAM documentation on your system. PAM does have some limitations regarding being able to work with multiple types of authentication at the same time, like supporting the ability to accept either SmartCard and the ability to type the username and password into the login program. There are techniques that are used to make this work, and it is best to research how this problem is commonly solved when setting up such a configuration. If automatic login does not work on a system, check to see if the "gdm-autologin" PAM stack is defined in the PAM configuration. For this to work, it is necessary to use a PAM module that simply does no authentication, or which simply returns PAM_SUCCESS from all of its public interfaces. Assuming your system has a pam_allow.so PAM module which does this, a PAM configuration to enable "gdm-autologin" would look like this: gdm-autologin auth required pam_unix_cred.so.1 gdm-autologin auth sufficient pam_allow.so.1 gdm-autologin account sufficient pam_allow.so.1 gdm-autologin session sufficient pam_allow.so.1 gdm-autologin password sufficient pam_allow.so.1 The above setup will cause no lastlog entry to be generated. If a lastlog entry is desired, then use the following for the session: gdm-autologin session required pam_unix_session.so.1 If the computer is used by several people, which makes automatic login unsuitable, you may want to allow some users to log in without entering their password. This feature can be enabled as a per-user option in the users-admin tool from the gnome-system-tools; it is achieved by checking that the user is member a Unix group called "nopasswdlogin" before asking for a password. For this to work, the PAM configuration file for the "gdm" service must include a line such as: gdm auth sufficient pam_succeed_if.so user ingroup nopasswdlogin GDM generates utmp and wtmp User Accounting Database entries upon session login and logout. The utmp database contains user access and accounting information that is accessed by commands such as finger, last, login, and who. The wtmp database contains the history of user access and accounting information for the utmp database. Refer to the utmp and wtmp man pages on your system for more information. Xserver authorization files are stored in a newly created subdirectory of <var>/run/gdm at start up. These files are used to store and share a "password" between X clients and the Xserver. This "password" is unique for each session logged in, so users from one session can't snoop on users from another. GDM only supports the MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 Xserver authentication scheme. Normally little is gained from the other schemes, and no effort has been made to implement them so far. Be especially careful about using XDMCP because the Xserver authentication cookie goes over the wire as clear text. If snooping is possible, then an attacker could simply snoop your authentication password as you log in, regardless of the authentication scheme being used. If snooping is possible and undesirable, then you should use ssh for tunneling an X connection rather then using XDMCP. You could think of XDMCP as a sort of graphical telnet, having the same security issues. In most cases, ssh -Y should be preferred over GDM's XDMCP features. Even though your display is protected by cookies, XEvents and thus keystrokes typed when entering passwords will still go over the wire in clear text. It is trivial to capture these. XDMCP is primarily useful for running thin clients such as in terminal labs. Those thin clients will only ever need the network to access the server, and so it seems like the best security policy to have those thin clients on a separate network that cannot be accessed by the outside world, and can only connect to the server. The only point from which you need to access outside is the server. This type of set up should never use an unmanaged hub or other sniffable network. XDMCP access control is done using TCP wrappers. It is possible to compile GDM without TCP wrapper support, so this feature may not be supported on some Operating Systems. You should use the daemon name gdm in the <etc>/hosts.allow and <etc>/hosts.deny files. For example to deny computers from .evil.domain from logging in, then add gdm: .domeinu.gaiztoa to <etc>/hosts.deny. Hurrengoa ere gehitu beharko duzu agian gdm: .zure-domeinua to your <etc>/hosts.allow if you normally disallow all services from all hosts. See the hosts.allow(5) man page for details. Even though GDM tries to outsmart potential attackers trying to take advantage of XDMCP, it is still advised that you block the XDMCP port (normally UDP port 177) on your firewall unless really needed. GDM guards against denial of service attacks, but the X protocol is still inherently insecure and should only be used in controlled environments. Also each remote connection takes up lots of resources, so it is much easier to do a denial of service attack via XDMCP than attacking a webserver. It is also wise to block all of the Xserver ports. These are TCP ports 6000+ (one for each display number) on your firewall. Note that GDM will use display numbers 20 and higher for flexible on-demand servers. X ez da oso protokolo segurua interneten erabiltzeko, eta XDMCP segurtasun gutxiagokoa da. GDM PolicyKit erabiltzeko konfiguratu daiteke, sistema-administratzaileak saioa hasteko pantailak itzaltzeko eta berrabiarazteko botoiak erakutsiko duen ala ez kontrolatu dezan. These buttons are controlled by the org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.stop-multiple-users and org.freedesktop.consolekit.system.restart-multiple-users actions respectively. Policy for these actions can be set up using the polkit-gnome-authorization tool, or the polkit-auth command line program. GDM may be configured to use RBAC instead of PolicyKit. In this case the RBAC configuration is used to control whether the login screen should provide the shutdown and restart buttons on the greeter screen. For example, on Oracle Solaris, the "solaris.system.shutdown" authorization is used to control this. Simply modify the /etc/user_attr file so that the "gdm" user has this authorization. GDM includes support for publishing user login information with the user and login session accounting framework known as ConsoleKit. ConsoleKit is able to keep track of all the users currently logged in. In this respect, it can be used as a replacement for the utmp or utmpx files that are available on most Unix-like Operating Systems. When GDM is about to create a new login process for a user it will call a privileged method of ConsoleKit in order to open a new session for this user. At this time GDM also provides ConsoleKit with information about this user session such as: the user ID, the X11 Display name that will be associated with the session, the host-name from which the session originates (useful in the case of an XDMCP session), whether or not this session is attached, etc. As the entity that initiates the user process, GDM is in a unique position to know about the user session and to be trusted to provide these bits of information. The use of this privileged method is restricted by the use of the D-Bus system message bus security policy. In case a user with an existing session has authenticated at GDM and requests to resume that existing session, GDM calls a privileged method of ConsoleKit to unlock that session. The exact details of what happens when the session receives this unlock signal are undefined and session-specific. However, most sessions will unlock a screensaver in response. When the user chooses to log out, or if GDM or the session quit unexpectedly the user session will be unregistered from ConsoleKit. GDM has a number of configuration interfaces. These include scripting integration points, daemon configuration, greeter configuration, general session settings, integration with gnome-settings-daemon configuration, and session configuration. These types of integration are described in detail below. GDM-n scriptak integratzeko puntuak <etc>/gdm/ direktorioan daude: Xsession Init/ PostLogin/ PreSession/ PostSession/ The Init, PostLogin, PreSession, and PostSession scripts all work as described below. For each type of script, the default one which will be executed is called "Default" and is stored in a directory associated with the script type. So the default Init script is <etc>/gdm/Init/Default. A per-display script can be provided, and if it exists it will be run instead of the default script. Such scripts are stored in the same directory as the default script and have the same name as the Xserver DISPLAY value for that display. For example, if the <Init>/:0 script exists, it will be run for DISPLAY ":0". All of these scripts are run with root privilege and return 0 if run successfully, and a non-zero return code if there was any failure that should cause the login session to be aborted. Also note that GDM will block until the scripts finish, so if any of these scripts hang, this will cause the login process to also hang. When the Xserver for the login GUI has been successfully started, but before the login GUI is actually displayed, GDM will run the Init script. This script is useful for starting programs that should be run while the login screen is showing, or for doing any special initialization if required. After the user has been successfully authenticated GDM will run the PostLogin script. This is done before any session setup has been done, including before the pam_open_session call. This script is useful for doing any session initialization that needs to happen before the session starts. For example, you might setup the user's $HOME directory if needed. After the user session has been initialized, GDM will run the PreSession script. This script is useful for doing any session initialization that needs to happen after the session has been initialized. It can be used for session management or accounting, for example. When a user terminates their session, GDM will run the PostSession script. Note that the Xserver will have been stopped by the time this script is run, so it should not be accessed. Note that the PostSession script will be run even when the display fails to respond due to an I/O error or similar. Thus, there is no guarantee that X applications will work during script execution. All of the above scripts will set the $RUNNING_UNDER_GDM environment variable to yes. If the scripts are also shared with other display managers, this allows you to identify when GDM is calling these scripts, so you can run specific code when GDM is used. The <share>/gdm/autostart/LoginWindow directory contains files in the format specified by the "FreeDesktop.org Desktop Application Autostart Specification". Standard features in the specification may be used to specify programs that should auto-restart or only be launched if a GConf configuration value is set, etc. Any .desktop files in this directory will cause the associated program to automatically start with the login GUI greeter. By default, GDM is shipped with files which will autostart the gdm-simple-greeter login GUI greeter itself, the gnome-power-manager application, the gnome-settings-daemon, and the metacity window manager. These programs are needed for the greeter program to work. In addition, desktop files are provided for starting various AT programs if the configuration values specified in the Accessibility Configuration section below are set. There is also an Xsession script located at <etc>/gdm/Xsession which is called between the PreSession and the PostSession scripts. This script does not support per-display like the other scripts. This script is used for actually starting the user session. This script is run as the user, and it will run whatever session was specified by the Desktop session file the user selected to start. The GDM daemon is configured using the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file. Default values are stored in GConf in the gdm.schemas file. It is recommended that end-users modify the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file because the schemas file may be overwritten when the user updates their system to have a newer version of GDM. Note that older versions of GDM supported additional configuration options which are no longer supported in the latest versions of GDM. The <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file is in the keyfile format. Keywords in brackets define group sections, strings before an equal sign (=) are keys and the data after equal sign represents their value. Empty lines or lines starting with the hash mark (#) are ignored. The file <etc>/gdm/custom.conf supports the "[daemon]", "[security]", and "[xdmcp]" group sections. Within each group, there are particular key/value pairs that can be specified to modify how GDM behaves. For example, to enable timed login and specify the timed login user to be a user named "you", you would modify the file so it contains the following lines: [daemon] TimedLoginEnable=true TimedLogin=you Ondoren, onartutako konfigurazio-gakoen zerrenda bat: Multicast Multicast=false Egia bada eta IPv6 gaituta badago, aukeratzaileak multidifusioko kontsulta bat bidaliko dio sare lokalari eta multidifusioaren taldearekin bat egin duten ostalarien erantzunak bilduko ditu. MulticastAddr MulticastAddr=ff02::1 Hau Link-local multidifusioko helbidea da. TimedLoginEnable TimedLoginEnable=false If the user given in TimedLogin should be logged in after a number of seconds (set with TimedLoginDelay) of inactivity on the login screen. This is useful for public access terminals or perhaps even home use. If the user uses the keyboard or browses the menus, the timeout will be reset to TimedLoginDelay or 30 seconds, whichever is higher. If the user does not enter a username but just hits the ENTER key while the login program is requesting the username, then GDM will assume the user wants to login immediately as the timed user. Note that no password will be asked for this user so you should be careful, although if using PAM it can be configured to require password entry before allowing login. Refer to the "Security->PAM" section of the manual for more information, or for help if this feature does not seem to work. TimedLogin TimedLogin= This is the user that should be logged in after a specified number of seconds of inactivity. If the value ends with a vertical bar | (the pipe symbol), then GDM will execute the program specified and use whatever value is returned on standard out from the program as the user. The program is run with the DISPLAY environment variable set so that it is possible to specify the user in a per-display fashion. For example if the value is "/usr/bin/getloginuser|", then the program "/usr/bin/getloginuser" will be run to get the user value. TimedLoginDelay TimedLoginDelay=30 Atzerapena, segundotan, TimedLogin erabiltzailearen saioa hasi baino lehen. AutomaticLoginEnable AutomaticLoginEnable=false Egia bada, AutomaticLogin atalean emandako erabiltzailearen saioa berehala hasiko da. Eginbide hau denboraren araberako saio-hasieran 0 segundoko balioa ezartzea bezalakoa da. AutomaticLogin AutomaticLogin= Hau AutomaticLoginEnable egia bada berehala hasiko den erabiltzailea da. If the value ends with a vertical bar | (the pipe symbol), then GDM will execute the program specified and use whatever value is returned on standard out from the program as the user. The program is run with the DISPLAY environment variable set so that it is possible to specify the user in a per-display fashion. For example if the value is "/usr/bin/getloginuser|", then the program "/usr/bin/getloginuser" will be run to get the user value. User User=gdm Ongietorria eta erabiltzaile-interfaze grafikodun beste aplikazio batzuk exekutatzeko erabiltzen duten erabiltzaile-izena. Begiratu User konfigurazio-gakoa eta dokumentu honen "Segurtasuna->GDM erabiltzailea eta taldea" atala informazio gehiagorako. Group Group=gdm Ongietorria eta erabiltzaile-interfaze grafikodun beste aplikazio batzuk exekutatzeko erabiltzen duten talde-izena. Begiratu User konfigurazio-gakoa eta dokumentu honen "Segurtasuna->GDM erabiltzailea eta taldea" atala informazio gehiagorako. Enable Enable=false To enable debugging, set the debug/Enable key to "true" in the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file and restart GDM. Then debug output will be sent to the system log file (<var>/log/messages or <var>/adm/messages depending on your Operating System). DisallowTCP DisallowTCP=true If true, then always append -nolisten tcp to the command line when starting attached Xservers, thus disallowing TCP connection. This is a more secure configuration if you are not using remote connections. DisplaysPerHost DisplaysPerHost=1 To prevent attackers from filling up the pending queue, GDM will only allow one connection for each remote computer. If you want to provide display services to computers with more than one screen, you should increase this value. Note that the number of attached DISPLAYS allowed is not limited. Only remote connections via XDMCP are limited by this configuration option. Enable Enable=false Setting this to true enables XDMCP support allowing remote displays/X terminals to be managed by GDM. gdm listens for requests on UDP port 177. See the Port option for more information. If GDM is compiled to support it, access from remote displays can be controlled using the TCP Wrappers library. The service name is gdm You should add gdm:.my.domain to your <etc>/hosts.allow, depending on your TCP Wrappers configuration. See the hosts.allow man page for details. Please note that XDMCP is not a particularly secure protocol and that it is a good idea to block UDP port 177 on your firewall unless you really need it. HonorIndirect HonorIndirect=true Enables XDMCP INDIRECT choosing (i.e. remote execution of gdmchooser) for X-terminals which do not supply their own display browser. MaxPending MaxPending=4 To avoid denial of service attacks, GDM has fixed size queue of pending connections. Only MaxPending displays can start at the same time. Please note that this parameter does not limit the number of remote displays which can be managed. It only limits the number of displays initiating a connection simultaneously. MaxSessions MaxSessions=16 Determines the maximum number of remote display connections which will be managed simultaneously. I.e. the total number of remote displays that can use your host. MaxWait MaxWait=30 When GDM is ready to manage a display an ACCEPT packet is sent to it containing a unique session id which will be used in future XDMCP conversations. GDM will then place the session id in the pending queue waiting for the display to respond with a MANAGE request. If no response is received within MaxWait seconds, GDM will declare the display dead and erase it from the pending queue freeing up the slot for other displays. MaxWaitIndirect MaxWaitIndirect=30 The MaxWaitIndirect parameter determines the maximum number of seconds between the time where a user chooses a host and the subsequent indirect query where the user is connected to the host. When the timeout is exceeded, the information about the chosen host is forgotten and the indirect slot freed up for other displays. The information may be forgotten earlier if there are more hosts trying to send indirect queries then MaxPendingIndirect. Port Port=177 The UDP port number gdm should listen to for XDMCP requests. Do not change this unless you know what you are doing. Willing Willing=<etc>/gdm/Xwilling When the machine sends a WILLING packet back after a QUERY it sends a string that gives the current status of this server. The default message is the system ID, but it is possible to create a script that displays customized message. If this script does not exist or this key is empty the default message is sent. If this script succeeds and produces some output, the first line of it's output is sent (and only the first line). It runs at most once every 3 seconds to prevent possible denial of service by flooding the machine with QUERY packets. The GDM default greeter is called the simple Greeter and is configured via GConf. Default values are stored in GConf in the gdm-simple-greeter.schemas file. These defaults can be overridden if the "gdm" user has a writable $HOME directory to store GConf settings. These values can be edited using the gconftool-2 or gconf-editor programs. The following configuration options are supported: /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_enable faltsua (boolearra) Harrerako mezuaren testua bistaratuko den ala ez kontrolatzen du. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/banner_message_text NULL (katea) Harrerako mezuaren testua ongietorri-leihoan erakutsiko den ala ez zehazten du. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/disable_restart_buttons faltsua (boolearra) Berrabiarazteko botoiak saio-hasierako leihoan erakusten diren ala ez kontrolatzen du. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/disable_user_list faltsua (boolearra) Egia bada, aurpegien arakatzailea ez da saioa hasteko leihoan erakutsiko. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/logo_icon_name ordenagailua (katea) Set to the themed icon name to use for the greeter logo. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/recent-languages [] (kate-zerrenda) Set to a list of languages to be shown by default in the login window. Default value is "[]". With the default setting only the system default language is shown and the option "Other..." which pops-up a dialog box showing a full list of available languages which the user can select. Erabiltzaileek ez dute ezarpen hau aldatu behar eskuz. Horren ordez, GDMk konfigurazio-gako honetan hautatutako hizkuntzen arrastoa jasotzen du eta hizkuntzen konbinazio-koadroan erakusten ditu, "Beste bat..." aukerarekin batera. Horrela, sarritan hautatutako hizkuntzak errazago hautatu daitezke. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/recent-layouts [] (kate-zerrenda) Set to a list of keyboard layouts to be shown by default in the login panel. Default value is "[]". With the default setting only the system default keyboard layout is shown and the option "Other..." which pops-up a dialog box showing a full list of available keyboard layouts which the user can select. Erabiltzaileek ez dute ezarpen hau aldatu behar eskuz. Horren ordez, GDMk konfigurazio-gako honetan hautatutako teklatu-diseinuen arrastoa jasotzen du eta teklatu-diseinuen konbinazio-koadroan erakusten ditu, "Beste bat..." aukerarekin batera. Horrela, sarritan hautatutako teklatu-diseinuak errazago hautatu daitezke. /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/wm_use_compiz faltsua (boolearra) Leiho-kudeatzailetzat compiz erabiltzen den (metacity ordez) kontrolatzen du. Atal honek GDM-k irisgarritasuna konfiguratzeko dituen aukerak deskribatzen ditu. The GDM greeter panel at the login screen displays an accessibility icon. Clicking on that icon opens the GDM Accessibility Dialog. In the GDM Accessibility Dialog, there is a list of checkboxes, so the user can enable or disable the associated assistive tools. The checkboxes that correspond to the on-screen keyboard, screen magnifier and screen reader assistive tools act on the three GConf keys that are described in the next section of this document. By enabling or disabling these checkboxes, the associated GConf key is set to "true" or "false". When the GConf key is set to true, the assistive tools linked to this GConf key are launched. When the GConf key is set to "false", any running assistive tool linked to this GConf key are terminated. These GConf keys are not automatically reset to a default state after the user has logged in. Consequently, the assistive tools that were running during the last GDM login session will automatically be launched at the next GDM login session. The other checkboxes in the GDM Accessibility Dialog do not have corresponding GConf keys because no additional program is launched to provide the accessibility features that they offer. These other options correspond to accessibility features that are provided by the Xserver, which is always running during the GDM session. GDM-k honako GConf gakoak eskaintzen ditu irisgarritasun-eginbideak kontrolatzeko: /desktop/gnome/interface/accessibility faltsua (boolearra) Controls whether the Accessibility infrastructure will be started with the GDM GUI. This is needed for many accessibility technology programs to work. /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_magnifier_enabled faltsua (boolearra) If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will be started with the GDM GUI program. By default this is a screen magnifier application. /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled faltsua (boolearra) If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will be started with the GDM GUI program. By default this is an on-screen keyboard application. /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_reader_enabled faltsua (boolearra) If set, then the assistive tools linked to this GConf key will be started with the GDM GUI program. By default this is a screen reader application. For the screen_magnifier_enabled, the screen_keyboard_enabled, and the screen_reader_enabled GConf keys, the assistive tool which gets launched depends on the desktop files located in the GDM autostart directory as described in the "Autostart Configuration" section of this manual. Any desktop file in the GDM autostart directory can be linked to these GConf key via specifying that GConf key in the AutostartCondition value in the desktop file. So the exact AutostartCondition line in the desktop file could be one of the following: AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_magnifier_enabled AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_reader_enabled When an accessibility key is true, then any program which is linked to that key in a GDM autostart desktop file will be launched (unless the Hidden key is set to true in that desktop file). A single GConf key can even start multiple assistive tools if there are multiple desktop files with this AutostartCondition in the GDM autostart directory. For example, if GNOME is distributed with GOK as the default on-screen keyboard, then this could be replaced with a different program if desired. To replace GOK with the on-screen keyboard application "onboard" and additionally activate the assistive tool "mousetweaks" for dwelling support, then the following configuration is needed. Create a desktop file for onboard and a second one for mousetweaks; for example, onboard.desktop and mousetweaks.desktop. These files must be placed in the GDM autostart directory and be in the format as explained in the "Autostart Configuration" section of this document. The following is an example onboard.desktop file: [Desktop Entry] Encoding=UTF-8 Name=Onboard Onscreen Keyboard Comment=Use an on-screen keyboard TryExec=onboard Exec=onboard --size 500x180 -x 20 -y 10 Terminal=false Type=Application StartupNotify=true Categories=GNOME;GTK;Accessibility; AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled The following is an example mousetweaks.desktop file: [Desktop Entry] Encoding=UTF-8 Name=Software Mouse-Clicks Comment=Perform clicks by dwelling with the pointer TryExec=mousetweaks Exec=mousetweaks --enable-dwell -m window -c -x 20 -y 240 Terminal=false Type=Application StartupNotify=true Categories=GNOME;GTK;Accessibility; AutostartCondition=GNOME /desktop/gnome/applications/at/screen_keyboard_enabled Note the line with the AutostartCondition that links both desktop files to the GConf key for the on-screen keyboard. To disable GOK from starting, the desktop file for the GOK on-screen keyboard must be removed or deactivated. Otherwise onboard and GOK would simultaneously be started. This can be done by removing the gok.desktop file from the GDM autostart directory, or by adding the "Hidden=true" key setting to the gok.desktop file. After making these changes, GOK will no longer be started when the user activates the on-screen keyboard in the GDM session; but onboard and mousetweaks will instead be launched. The GDM Greeter uses some of the same framework that your desktop session will use. And so, it is influenced by a number of the same GConf settings. For each of these settings the Greeter will use the default value unless it is specifically overridden by a) GDM's installed mandatory policy b) system mandatory policy. GDM installs its own mandatory policy to lock down some settings for security. GDMk honako gnome-settings-daemon pluginak gaitzen ditu: a11y-keyboard, background, sound, xsettings. Plugin horiek atzeko planoko irudia, letra-tipoak eta gaiak, soinuak eta abar kontrolatzen dituzte. GConf bidez ere desgaitu daitezke pluginak. Adibidez, soinuaren plugina desgaitu nahi baduzu, erabili honako gakoa: /apps/gdm/simple-greeter/settings-manager-plugins/sound/active. GDM sessions are specified using the FreeDesktop.org Desktop Entry Specification, which can be referenced at the following URL: http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/desktop-entry-spec. By default, GDM will install desktop files in the <share>/xsessions directory. GDM will search the following directories in this order to find desktop files: <etc>/X11/sessions/, <dmconfdir>/Sessions, <share>/gdm/BuiltInSessions, and <share>/xsessions. By default the <dmconfdir> is set to <etc>/dm/ unless GDM is configured to use a different directory via the "--with-dmconfdir" option. A session can be disabled by editing the desktop file and adding a line as follows: Hidden=true. GDM desktop files support a GDM-specific extension, a key named "X-GDM-BypassXsession". If the key is not specified in a desktop file, the value defaults to "false". If this key is specified to be "true" in a desktop file, then GDM will launch the program specified by the desktop file "Exec" key directly when starting the user session. It will not run the program via the <etc>/gdm/Xsession script, which is the normal behavior. Since bypassing the <etc>/gdm/Xsession script avoids setting up the user session with the normal system and user settings, sessions started this way can be useful for debugging problems in the system or user scripts that might be preventing a user from being able to start a session. The user's default session and language choices are stored in the ~/.dmrc file. When a user logs in for the first time, this file is created with the user's initial choices. The user can change these default values by simply changing to a different value when logging in. GDM will remember this change for subsequent logins. The ~/.dmrc file is in the standard INI format. It has one section called [Desktop] which has two keys: Session and Language. The Session key specifies the basename of the session .desktop file that the user wishes to normally use without the .desktop extension. The Language key specifies the language that the user wishes to use by default. If either of these keys is missing, the system default is used. The file would normally look as follows: [Desktop] Session=gnome Language=cs_CZ.UTF-8 GDM paketeak hurrengo komandoak eskaintzen ditu sbindir fitxategian, erro-erabiltzaileak exekutatuak izan daitezen: gdm daemon nagusia da, saioa hasteko ingurune grafikoa konfiguratzen duena eta beharrezkoak diren laguntzaileak abiarazten dituena. -?, --help Komando-lerroko aukeren azalpen laburra ematen du. --fatal-warnings Edozein abisurekin GDM amaitzea eragiten du. --timed-exit Irten 30 segundo ondoren. Erabilgarria arazketarako. --version GDM daemon-aren bertsioa inprimatzen du. gdm-restart stops and restarts GDM by sending the GDM daemon a HUP signal. This command will immediately terminate all sessions and log out users currently logged in with GDM. gdm-safe-restart stops and restarts GDM by sending the GDM daemon a USR1 signal. GDM will be restarted as soon as all users log out. gdm-stop stops GDM by sending the GDM daemon a TERM signal. This section discusses helpful tips for getting GDM working. In general, if you have a problem using GDM, you can submit a bug or send an email to the gdm-list mailing list. Information about how to do this is in the Introduction section of the document. If GDM is failing to work properly, it is always a good idea to include debug information. To enable debugging, set the debug/Enable key to "true" in the <etc>/gdm/custom.conf file and restart GDM. Then use GDM to the point where it fails, and debug output will be sent to the system log file (<var>/log/messages or <var>/adm/messages depending on your Operating System). If you share this output with the GDM community via a bug report or email, please only include the GDM related debug information and not the entire file since it can be large. If you do not see any GDM syslog output, you may need to configure syslog (refer to the syslog man page). There are a many problems that can cause GDM to fail to start, but this section will discuss a few common problems and how to approach tracking down a problem with GDM starting. Some problems will cause GDM to respond with an error message or dialog when it tries to start, but it can be difficult to track down problems when GDM fails silently. First make sure that the Xserver is configured properly. The GDM configuration file contains a command in the [server-Standard] section that is used for starting the Xserver. Verify that this command works on your system. Running this command from the console should start the Xserver. If it fails, then the problem is likely with your Xserver configuration. Refer to your Xserver error log for an idea of what the problem may be. The problem may also be that your Xserver requires different command-line options. If so, then modify the Xserver command in the GDM configuration file so that it is correct for your system. Also make sure that the /tmp directory has reasonable ownership and permissions, and that the machine's file system is not full. These problems will cause GDM to fail to start. Programa hau software librea da; birbana eta/edo alda dezakezu Free Software Foundation fundazioak argitaratutako Lizentzia Publiko Orokorraren 2. bertsioan, edo (nahiago baduzu) bertsio berriago batean, jasotako baldintzak betez gero. Programa hau erabilgarria izango delakoan banatzen da, baina INOLAKO BERMERIK GABE; era berean, ez da bermatzen beraren EGOKITASUNA MERKATURATZEKO edo HELBURU PARTIKULARRETARAKO ERABILTZEKO. Argibide gehiago nahi izanez gero, ikus GNU Lizentzia Publiko Orokorra. GNU Lizentzia Publiko Orokorraren kopia bat GNOMEren erabiltzailearen gidaren eranskinean daukazu. GNU Dokumentazio Librearen Lizentziaren kopia bat lor dezakezu Free Software Foundation fundazioaren bidez, haien wegunean edo hona idatzita:

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